In the context of peer review, who does "peer" refer to?

In the context of peer review, the term "peer" refers to someone with the same level of authority as the author. This is essential for several reasons. Peers provide critical feedback based on mutual understanding of the subject matter, and they are typically familiar with the standards and practices relevant to the work being reviewed. This familiarity ensures that the feedback is pertinent and valuable.

Having peers review work promotes a collaborative atmosphere, as the reviewers are likely to have a similar level of expertise and experience. This creates an environment where honest and constructive criticism can occur, which is fundamental to improving quality and fostering professional growth.

In contrast, different relationships, such as having a subordinate or someone in a higher authority review the work, could lead to biases in the feedback process. A subordinate may lack the authority or confidence to provide honest critiques, while someone in a higher position might focus on approval rather than constructive criticism due to power dynamics. Thus, having a peer with the same level of authority ensures a balanced, respectful, and fruitful review process.